DIRECTED ENERGY PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY


2008 Directed Energy Systems Symposium Short Courses
3 March 2008 Monterey, California

These short courses were offered in conjunction with the Directed Energy Systems Symposium, held 3-7 March 2008 in Monterey, California. Continuing Education Unit (CEU) credits were awarded for completion of these DEPS short courses.



Course 1.  Directed Energy 101

Classification: Public Release

Instructors:
    -  Maj Gen George Harrison, USAF (ret.)
    -  Maj Gen Donald Lamberson, USAF (ret.)

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: This course provides a general overview of directed energy weapons, including high energy laser (HEL) and high power microwave (HPM) systems. The emphasis is on the operationally distinguishing characteristics of systems nearing deployment. A special feature of the course is the availability of system simulators for use by the students. The simulators are being provided by AEgis Technologies Group and by Schafer Corporation.

Topics to be covered include:

  • Overview of HEL Systems
  • Overview of HPM Systems
  • HEL Simulation
  • HPM Simulation

Intended Audience: This course is intended for students without a technical background as an introduction to the operational characteristics of HEL and HPM systems.

Instructor Biographies: George Harrison is Director, Strategic Initiatives, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. Before his retirement from the U.S. Air Force in July 1997 as a Major General, he was Commander, Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. George began his Air Force career as an F-4 pilot at MacDill AFB, Florida in 1962. Since then, he has flown combat in the O-1F from DaNang AB, Republic of Vietnam (RVN), and the F-4 from Cam Rahn Bay AB, RVN and Udorn Royal Thai AFB. In later years, he flew combat missions in the F-16C over Iraq (Provide Comfort), the C-130E, E-3A and E-8C over and into Bosnia (Deny Flight and Joint Endeavor) and the E-3B over Iraq (Desert Storm). He commanded the 4485th Test Squadron, the 479th Tactical Training Wing, the USAF Air Warfare Center, Joint Task Force Southwest Asia and served as the Director of Operations for U.S. Air Forces in Europe. George is an active civil aviator and is an FAA instructor in single and multiengine airplanes, instruments and gliders. His first solo was as a teenager in the Piper J-3 and now has logged over 7400 hours in 97 types of civil and military aircraft, including 530 hours in combat. An Airline Transport Pilot, he is experienced in conventional and tailwheel aircraft, and gliders and is type-rated in the Boeing 707/720, Lear Jet, and T-33.

Don Lamberson is a retired Air Force Major General active in Directed Energy activities. His involvement in DE began in 1962 shortly after the invention of the laser and has continued more or less constantly since then. He was in the first class to be awarded the PhD from the Air Force Institute of Technology and was Program Manager of the earliest laser weapon technology program which included developing the Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL). He was a founding director and member of DEPS.


Course 2.  Introduction to FEL

Classification: FOUO

Instructors:
    -  Bill Colson, NPS
    -  Joe Blau, NPS

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: This course covers the general concepts of free electron lasers (FELs), including basic FEL theory, electron beam properties, oscillators and amplifiers, electron beam phase space evolution, undulator tapering, induced energy spread, optical mode quality and FEL simulation.

Intended Audience: The course is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students in physics, engineering, and optics, ideally having at least an upper division course in electromagnetic theory.

Instructor Biographies: Professor Colson is Distinguished Professor of Physics at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Director of the NPS Center for Directed Energy and Electric Weapons, Technical Director of the NPS National Security Institute, and has been Chairman of the NPS Physics Department. He has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Free Electron Lasers (FELs) in 1993-1994, a member of the Medical FEL Laser Program Review by the Office of Naval Research, and a member of the Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences Panel on Synchrotron Radiation Sources and Science. Professor Colson has developed and taught directed energy courses at NPS for 18 years, and advised more than 60 Masters Degree students and 5 PhD students in the area of free electron lasers. Professor Colson received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Physics from Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, in 1966 and 1972, and the Ph.D. degree in Physics from Stanford University, Stanford, CA, in 1977.

Dr. Joseph Blau received a B.S. in Physics from UC Santa Barbara in 1987, and an M.S. in Physics from UC San Diego in 1989. He joined the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in 1989, where he earned his Ph.D. in Physics in 2002. He continues to work at NPS as a Research Assistant Professor. Over the past 25 years, he has helped develop a set of programs for simulating free-electron lasers (FELs) on desktop computers. These simulations have been benchmarked against both theory and experiments, and have been used to guide the development and analyze the results of many operating FELs at universities and laboratories around the world, including the first FEL at Stanford and the world’s most powerful FEL at Jefferson Lab. His main research areas are the design of high-power FEL amplifiers and oscillators, and the integration of FELs on Naval platforms. He has recently developed a four-dimensional simulation of an FEL amplifier that runs on a cluster computer, which is now being used to study the effects of short pulses and optical mode distortion in an FEL.


Course 3.  Beam Control for Laser Systems

Classification: FOUO

Instructor: Salvatore Cusumano, Center for Directed Energy, AFIT

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: This is a four-hour introductory course on the salient features of pointing a laser on target. The course is taught from a Control Engineer’s perspective, but it is presented at a level such that one with an engineering degree will easily understand the concepts and basic tools applied. The uninitiated in directed energy will find this an excellent foundational course for entry studies into laser weapon systems. Topics included are error budgets, beam control hardware (gimbals, inertial reference units), stabilization, control laws, tracking algorithms, adaptive optics, pointing, and the performance models to estimate error budget compliance. Derivations of performance equations are minimal and completely contained for further study. Each section is well referenced for further self-study.

Intended Audience: The target audience consists of those individuals who are working in an associated discipline and wish to learn the lexicon, hardware, algorithms, and basic approach to getting the energy on target.

Instructor Biography: Dr. Salvatore J. Cusumano is the Director of the Center for Directed Energy located at the Air Force Institute of Technology. The Center collaborates on directed energy research topics, both high power microwaves (HPM) and high energy lasers (HEL), throughout the DoD community. Dr. Cusumano’s research interests span his 25 years of experience in directed energy and include resonator alignment and stabilization, intra-cavity adaptive optics, phased arrays, telescope control, pointing and tracking, adaptive optics and component technology for directed energy. He holds two patents (jointly) for his work in Phased Arrays.

Dr. Cusumano graduated from the University of Illinois in 1988 with his Ph.D. in Control Theory. He received a Masters in EE and a Bachelor in EE from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1977 and the Air Force Academy in 1971, respectively.


Course 4.  HEL in the Extended Air Defense Simulation

Classification: FOUO

Instructors:
    -  Jim Watkins
    -  Mike Thomason

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: The Extended Air Defense Simulation (EADSIM) is utilized throughout the DOD for engagement and mission level analyses, wargaming and exercises, and training. The engagement modeling capabilities within EADSIM encompass a wide gamut of technologies, including HEL and HPM, providing a solid backdrop for evaluating the overall battlefield effectiveness of specific technologies. This short course will provide an overview of EADSIM and its application, an overview of HEL modeling within EADSIM, recently released HEL enhancements, and demonstration of a few selected notional scenarios and tool outputs, for example Defended Area and/or Launch Area Denied plots.

Intended Audience: This course is intended for engineers and scientists that conduct or will be conducting effectiveness analyses that are either focused on HEL weapons or include HEL weapons as an element of the analysis. The course will provide salient information for decision makers relative to the overall capabilities of EADSIM for these tasks. This short course will contain elements relevant to those unfamiliar to EADSIM, as well as those with years of experience with EADSIM.

Instructor Biographies: Mr. Watkins is the Program Manager for the Extended Air Defense Simulation (EADSIM), a constructive simulation for theater air, space and missile warfare. EADSIM is configuration managed and controlled by the U.S. Army Space & Missile Defense Command, Future Warfare Center in support to the Missile Defense Agency. Mr. Watkins has served as EADSIM program manager since 1995 and as scientific advisor for all programs and budgets associated with EADSIM's development and baseline management. Mr. Watkins has been actively involved in the development of directed energy capabilities in EADSIM since the mid-90’s. Mr. Watkins is a member of the DE M&S TAWG supporting the DE Joint Technology Office and supports DE M&S activities within SMDC. Mr. Watkins has a BSEE from Auburn University.

Mike Thomason works for Teledyne Brown Engineering where he is a primary technical lead on EADSIM. He has 20+ years of experience in weapon systems effectiveness analyses, wargaming and exercises, and training. This experience includes both conduct of these activities and the tool development to support these activities. He has worked with the EADSIM program for the past 18 years. During this tenure, he has led the activities that have incorporated the HEL and HPM capabilities into the simulation. Mr. Thomason has a BS EE from Tennessee Technological University.


Course 5.  Uncertainty Analysis for Laser Effects Testing and Analysis

Classification: FOUO

Instructors:
    -  Nicholas Morley, AFRL
    -  Robert Ulibarri, AFRL
    -  David Hayden, Boeing, LTS

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: Data, no matter how well-controlled the measurement, always carries with it an inherent uncertainty. Understanding and reporting measurement uncertainty are critical in allowing data users to determine the utility of the data for their purpose. Laser effects testing requires detailed measurement understanding of a number of laser source and target conditions to include the following: laser parameters (energy, power, irradiance, etc.); target measurements (temperature, mass loss, strain, etc.); and environmental conditions (pressure, air velocity, etc.). This course is an introduction to critical uncertainty analysis principles required to carry out a well-constructed and -documented experiment. The basic concepts will be expanded with some relevant examples for laser effects research. The tutorial will lay the foundation for the use of measurement uncertainty in test planning, experiment debugging, data reporting, and model implementation. The principle features of the course are built upon the foundation of a clear test objective. Applying the principles outlined in this course will help the student achieve the key objectives from an uncertainty analysis: 1) make the experiment more accurate; 2) communicate the meaning of the results more clearly.

In many test situations, the quantity of interest is not directly measured, but is calculated by combining a number of measured parameters. To address this fact, the class will cover techniques for combining uncertainties from multiple measurements in meaningful fashion. Measurement of critical quantities, such as beam characteristics, target state, and environmental conditions, will be covered in detail. Finally, the course will cover documentation of uncertainty analyses, so that the user can accurately interpret results.

At the completion of the tutorial, each student will have a basic knowledge of:

  • The data collection process
  • Types of measurement uncertainties that can creep into laser effects experiments
  • Standards for estimating the appropriate uncertainty for a given measured parameter
  • Combining measurement uncertainties in a meaningful manner
  • Using uncertainty values to improve the quality of the experimental data generated
  • Standards for beam and target diagnostic measurements
  • Impact and execution of measured parameters in M&S
  • Documenting uncertainty results and report preparation

Topics include:

  1. Fundamental concepts of uncertainty analysis
  2. The connection between experiment and modeling
  3. Combining uncertainties from multiple measured quantities
  4. Uncertainty application to beam diagnostics
  5. Understanding target diagnostics
  6. Uncertainty analysis while developing your test plan and debugging your experiment
  7. Application of test results in model validation and implementation
  8. Analyzing, Interpreting, and reporting measurement uncertainty

Intended Audience: This tutorial is intended for engineers and scientists who will have responsibility for planning, carrying out, modeling, and/or documenting laser lethality tests with high-power lasers. Managers will also benefit through an increased understanding of the scope of effort required to collect and report meaningful lethality data in support of laser weapon lethality predictions. No prior laser testing experience is assumed; however, a reasonable acquaintance with laser technology would be helpful.

Instructor Biographies: Dr. Nicholas Morley received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Nuclear Engineering from the University of New Mexico in 1988, 1991, and 1993, respectively. He has been an employee of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Directed Energy Directorate located at Kirtland AFB, NM, from 1994 to the present. He is currently the Branch Chief for the Laser Effects Research Branch where his responsibilities include directing research efforts in the following areas: general target effects; target construction, heat transfer and fluid dynamics for lasers, aircraft cruise missiles, surface-to-air missiles, and ICBMs; laser effects on fuels and explosives; degradation of optical components; and temperature-dependent optical scattering. Dr. Morley is a senior member of the AIAA and a member of DEPS. His technical areas of interest include the following: high energy laser interaction with materials; laser ablation; conductive, convective, radiative, and two-phase heat transfer; laser coupling; and optical scattering; nuclear propulsion; dynamic energy conversion systems.

Bob Ulibarri is the team lead for all laser lethality efforts supporting the MDA’s Airborne Laser Program. This effort is run out of the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Directed Energy Effects Branch (AFRL/RDLE). He is also the Chief of AFRL/RDLE’s Missile Assessment Center. In addition his is the program manger for the Airborne Laser Program threat lethality efforts run out of AFRL/RDLE. Mr Ulibarri has over 8 years of laser experimentation background. He has a mechanical engineering degree from the University of New Mexico.

David S. Hayden is a Senior Scientist in charge of operations and personnel conducting laser and facility engineering services for Boeing at the Laser Effects Test Facility. He received his BSE in 1995 at Chapman University and has over 20 years experience with high energy laser systems, including maintenance, design modifications, and experimental testing including the Electric Discharge Coaxial Lasers (EDCLs) I and II, Oxygen Iodine (COIL) laser and a 20kW Fiber Laser as well as various wind tunnels. Current responsibilities include optical design for laser propagation and measurement methods to include temperature, pressure laser power and energy, as well as spatial profiling.


Course 6.  Beam Directors 101

Classification: FOUO

Instructor: Bill Decker, Defense Acquisition University

Duration: Full-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.70

Course Description: The course will cover beam directors from the requirements and parameter that determine the overall approach to the development of a strategy to acquire and integrate a beam director into an HEL system. Subjects include:

  • Performance requirements that drive the design.
  • Laser parameters and how they affect the beam director.
  • Optical design issues, including aperture, F/#, optical materials and HEL coatings.
  • Mechanical design issues, including on-axis and off-axis designs, materials.
  • Beam director design basics, including gimbal performance requirements, jitter and tracking rates.
  • Other considerations, including stray light, off-axis sensors, control systems.
  • Beam director systems engineering - balancing performance with cost, schedule and risk.
  • How to get the best beam director for your budget.

Intended Audience: Program managers, lead engineers, systems engineers of HEL systems that will include a beam director. A technical background is useful, but not required.

Instructor Biography: Mr. Decker is currently a Professor of Systems Engineering at the Huntsville Campus of the Defense Acquisition University. His experience includes over 25 years in electro-optics with ten years experience in high energy laser systems, including THEL, ABL, ATL and HELLADS, all while employed by Brashear (a division of L-3 Communications) in Pittsburgh, PA. Mr. Decker holds a MS in Physics from the Naval Postgraduate School and a BS in Engineering from Cornell University.


Course 7.  Applications of FEL

Sorry, this course has been cancelled.


Course 8.  Atmospheric Effects

Classification: FOUO

Instructor: Steve Fiorino

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: This course addresses how to characterize and quantify the major effects of the atmosphere on directed energy weapons propagation. A first principles atmospheric propagation and characterization code called the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) is described and demonstrated. In addition to overland cloud-free-line of sight (CFLOS) assessments, LEEDR enables the creation of exportable vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulates/hydrometeors as they relate to line-by-line extinction over the UV to RF portion of the spectrum.

The course outline is as follows:

  • Goals of LEEDR
  • Overview of HELEEOS
  • - Extension of atmospheric model to RF
  • LEEDR Atmospheric Data
  • - Probabilistic Climatology
    - Atmospheric Boundary layer
    - Molecular Composition
    - Aerosol Data
    - Clouds, Rain
    - Optical Turbulence
    - Realistic Correlation
  • Example LEEDR Plots & Products
  • Installing LEEDR
  • Running LEEDR
  • - Accessing the ExPERT Database
    - Creating Atmospheric Profiles
    - Figures

Intended Audience: US Government personnel and their direct contractors who have program requirements for or are interested in methods and tools to assess realistic environments and environmental effects for modeling and simulation, mission planning, and/or military systems operations. The course assumes the students have some technical background in radiative transfer through the atmosphere--either via an undergraduate degree or career experience.

Instructor Biography: Lt Col Fiorino (BS, MS, Ohio State University; MMOAS, Air Command and Staff College; BS, PhD, Florida State University) is currently an assistant professor of atmospheric physics at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. During his career, he has served as wing weather officer, 319th Bomb Wing, Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota; officer in charge, Weather Flight, 806th Bomb Wing (Provisional), during Operation Desert Storm; acquisition systems meteorologist, Wright Laboratory (now the Air Force Research Laboratory), Wright-Patterson AFB; Weather Flight commander, 1st Fighter Wing, Langley AFB, Virginia; and joint meteorological and oceanographic officer, joint task force, Southwest Asia. Lt Col Fiorino is a graduate of Squadron Officer School and Air Command and Staff College.


Course 9.  HEL Effects

Classification: FOUO

Instructor:
    -  Robert Thomas, AFRL
    -  Ben Rockwell, AFRL

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: An introductory overview of laser bioeffects is presented. The discussion will focus on the hazards to eye and skin, and their relationship to various laser output parameters. Topics will include: Measurement and Characterization of Damage Thresholds, Mechanisms of Damage, Exposure Limits and Their Interpretation, Analysis Tools for the Estimation of Hazards, Current DOD Regulations and Processes Relating to Laser Safety, and Routes through which Laser Bioeffects Impact Laser System Employment.

Intended Audience: The course is intended for those involved in the development of laser systems that would like to expand their knowledge of factors affecting laser safety and/or laser effects in biological systems. The material will require a working knowledge of typical laser system parameters, but will not require an extensive background in mathematics, physics, biology, or engineering.

Instructor Biography: Dr. Robert J. Thomas is a Research Physicist in the Optical Radiation Branch, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory(AFRL). Dr. Thomas joined AFRL in 1994 as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Associate, and has since led a number research efforts in the fields of laser bioeffects, high-energy laser safety, computational physics, and modeling and simulation. He was named a Fellow of the Laser Institute of America in October of 2007, and serves a number of national committees responsible for the development of laser exposure limits.


Course 10.  Active Denial Systems

Classification: Classified

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: One of the first overarching tutorials available on the bioeffects, hardware, and employment concepts behind a very proven Directed Energy capability that is on the verge of transition out of the research arena. Upon completion, the student should understand: 1) the bioeffects of the Active Denial System (ADS) 95 GHz non-lethal directed energy beam and what AFRL scientific research verifies the safety and effectiveness of the beam, 2) the technology that produces the effect, including hardware, software, beam profile, and relationships such as spot size and range which ultimately drive the scaling potential, 3) how the ADS capability may be employed by military force, the military utility, and legalities associated with employment. Topics include:

  • Bioeffects (history, specific research studies and results, safety thresholds, prohibitions)
  • Technology (history, basic hardware/software, beam geometry and profile, future technical requirements)
  • Operational Use (proven military utility, useful characteristics, and mission enhancements; limitations; countermeasures; policy and legal application)

Intended Audience: Both Government (civilian and military) and industry: project managers, operational testers, and scientific/technical. Technical/scientific education not required, but desirable. Moderate experience level assumed.


Course 11.  HPM Systems for Counter Materiel Applications

Classification: Classified

Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 Monday, 3 March

CEUs awarded: 0.35

Course Description: This course is broken into three subsections, each described below.

Effects of HPM Systems on Electronics and Resulting Design Tradeoffs: This portion of the short course will provide an overview of HPM effects on electronics with emphasis on tradeoffs to optimize the total system. A brief tutorial on HPM effects will be followed by simple tradeoff considerations for the choice of HPM technology and the design of an HPM system that will optimize desired effects for a given weight and size.

Successful Technologies and Development of HPM Systems: This portion of the short course will be an overview of the process of system integration that leads to a successful system. Examples will be drawn from the MACE and MEGA systems developed in AFRL/RDHA. Lessons learned from the development of these systems will provide a basis for a road map for future system development.

Conducting Military Utility Studies of High Power Microwave Weapons Systems: This portion of the short course will present the results of an analytical study of the potential military utility of a High Power Microwave (HPM) weapons system in a representative military conflict. The course will address the methodologies used, the models employed, and the steps taken to develop a robust, comprehensive look at the benefits of employing an HPM weapons system. At the completion of this course segment, the student should be aware of potential modeling tools, have an understanding of the need for an operational perspective when conducting an analysis, and should be aware of the scope that must be included to conduct a credible study.

Intended Audience: This classified course is intended for engineers, analysts, and managers interested in building or analyzing HPM systems. The fundamentals of system integration for HPM payloads; including prime power, pulsed power, computer control and vacuum systems; will be covered. The fundamentals of HPM effects and their implications for systems design will also be covered along with an analysis of potential military utility based on these HPM systems and their effects.

 
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Last updated: 11 March 2008