These short courses were offered in conjunction with the Directed Energy Systems Symposium, held 19-23 March 2007 in Monterey, California. Continuing Education Unit (CEU) credits were awarded for completion of these DEPS short courses.
Course 1. Directed Energy 101 Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: This course provides a general overview of directed energy weapons, including high energy laser (HEL) and high power microwave (HPM) systems. The emphasis is on the operationally distinguishing characteristics of systems nearing deployment. A special feature of the course is the availability of system simulators for use by the students. The simulators are being provided by AEgis Technologies Group and by Schafer Corporation. Topics to be covered include:
Intended Audience: This course is intended for students without a technical background as an introduction to the operational characteristics of HEL and HPM systems. Instructor Biographies: George Harrison is Director, Strategic Initiatives, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. Before his retirement from the U.S. Air Force in July 1997 as a Major General, he was Commander, Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. George began his Air Force career as an F-4 pilot at MacDill AFB, Florida in 1962. Since then, he has flown combat in the O-1F from DaNang AB, Republic of Vietnam (RVN), and the F-4 from Cam Rahn Bay AB, RVN and Udorn Royal Thai AFB. In later years, he flew combat missions in the F-16C over Iraq (Provide Comfort), the C-130E, E-3A and E-8C over and into Bosnia (Deny Flight and Joint Endeavor) and the E-3B over Iraq (Desert Storm). He commanded the 4485th Test Squadron, the 479th Tactical Training Wing, the USAF Air Warfare Center, Joint Task Force Southwest Asia and served as the Director of Operations for U.S. Air Forces in Europe. George is an active civil aviator and is an FAA instructor in single and multiengine airplanes, instruments and gliders. His first solo was as a teenager in the Piper J-3 and now has logged over 7400 hours in 97 types of civil and military aircraft, including 530 hours in combat. An Airline Transport Pilot, he is experienced in conventional and tailwheel aircraft, and gliders and is type-rated in the Boeing 707/720, Lear Jet, and T-33. Don Lamberson is a retired Air Force Major General active in Directed Energy activities. His involvement in DE began in 1962 shortly after the invention of the laser and has continued more or less constantly since then. He was in the first class to be awarded the PhD from the Air Force Institute of Technology and was Program Manager of the earliest laser weapon technology program which included developing the Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL). He was a founding director and member of DEPS.
Course 2. Introduction to Beam Control Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Dr. Paul Merritt, University of New Mexico Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: The course is an overview of the technology and analysis needed to understand and design the beam control systems that accomplish acquisition, pointing, and tracking for a laser system. The system could be communications, imaging, or laser deposition, and the technology would still be very similar. The course also includes introductory lectures on control theory, as well as the performance equations that describe propagation of a laser beam to target. The attendees will be given the basic equations necessary to describe beam control system performance. The course will also include an introduction to adaptive optics beam control systems and a look at future beam control systems for fiber optics. Topics to be covered include:
Intended Audience: The students will obtain an overall understanding of the analysis needed to describe, design, and evaluate a beam control system. The course assumes that the attendee has a basic undergraduate level of engineering and mathematics. The solution of differential equations is used to describe the operation of control systems. Both technical persons and managers should benefit from the development and discussions regarding the operation of beam control systems. Technicians may find the course too analytical. The author has included references at the end of each section such that a student in the area may delve much deeper into the material if desired. No experience in the field is required; however, some experience will be helpful since the topics are covered rapidly. Instructor Biography: Dr. Merritt started working on laser systems in 1974 on the Airborne Laser Laboratory. Also in 1974, he received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of New Mexico. He worked in civil service for several of the Kirtland laser organizations including the Weapons Laboratory, Phillips Laboratory, and Air Force Research Laboratory. His last civil service assignment was the Technical Advisor for the Airborne Laser Technology Division. He retired from the government in 1997 and went to work for Boeing-SVS in Albuquerque where he continued to analyze beam control systems. He was a Boeing Senior Technical Fellow. He retired from Boeing in 2003 and is now working for the University of New Mexico. He is teaching a controls class at the University and is a part time IPA with the Air Force Research Laboratory at Kirtland.
Course 3. Introduction to HELSEEM Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: Developed under funding from the Joint Technology Office and maintained by the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), HELSEEM (High-Energy Laser System End-to-End Model) is a simulation framework that allows laser, sensor, target and propagation component models from various sources to work together to simulate system level, 1-on-1 or 1-on-n HEL engagements. The first half of the course is an overview of the usage and application of HELSEEM. The second half will focus on the 3D radiometric ray trace model. This component uses a combinatorial solid model and combined bulk thermal and surface reflectivity models to render radiometrically accurate target images. Examples of how to call the 3D render module from Matlab and apply arbitrary beam profiles will also be presented, from the vantage point of both tactical and strategic HEL scenarios. Intended Audience: The intended audience is engineers in the HEL M&S field with a basic understanding of modeling and simulation concepts. Students will learn how to set up and run laser system simulations and how to interpret and use the resulting outputs. A background in HEL modeling and simulation is helpful but not necessary. Students that wish to bring a laptop may install the software and follow along with the examples. No experience in the field is required; however, some experience will be helpful since the topics are covered rapidly. Instructor Biographies: Mr. Ritter received his B.S.M.E. from UC Davis in 1997, and his M.S.M.E. from M.I.T. in 1999. After working in the advanced technology division of Allied Signals Engines and Systems in Phoenix, Robin joined Northrop Grumman in Albuquerque. At NG he was responsible for the rehosting of TASAT (Time-domain Analysis and Simulation for Advanced Tracking) from MatrixX to Simulink, and was a primary developer of new functionality for TASAT. He was the principal investigator for the Joint Technology Office’s M&S project HELSEEM until its completion in 2004. Robin worked at Northrop Grumman until May 2005, when he left to co-found Tau Technologies, a small company focused on HEL modeling and simulation. Mr. Birenboim earned his B.S.E.E. from the University of Southern California in 1989, and his M.S. in Digital Signal Processing from Georgia Tech in 1990. Mr. Birenboim was a software developer and systems analyst for ATA working primarily for HABE and HELSTF where he also performed work on Heterodyne ladar data analysis and adaptive optics systems. After working as an independent contractor for HELSTF, Blue Spike (steganography), and Boeing-SVS as a software developer, Aaron joined Northrop Grumman, where he developed the JMPS/HELSEEM simulation framework for JTO, assisted in the development of tracking algorithms, ABL beam quality analysis, and implemented several Wave Optics Propagation codes. In November of 2005, Mr. Birenboim joined Tau Technologies and has since been involved on BRDF modeling, data fusion, and optimal target aimpoint selection projects.
Course 4. HELEEOS/HELCOMES Classification: FOUO, Export Controlled Instructora: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: This short course provides an introduction to both the High Energy Laser End to End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) scaling law engagement model developed by the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Center for Directed Energy and the High Energy Laser COnsolidated Modeling and Engagement Simulation (HELCOMES) scaling law engagement model developed by the SAIC. HELEEOS and HELCOMES have both been developed, under sponsorship of the HEL Joint Technology Office, to support a broad range of analyses applicable to the operational requirements of all the military services. HEL performance for a common example scenario will be estimated in class using each of the models. HELEEOS is anchored to respected wave optics codes and all significant degradation effects, including thermal blooming due to molecular and aerosol absorption, scattering extinction, and optical turbulence, are represented in the model. The HELEEOS model enables the evaluation of uncertainty in low-altitude high energy laser engagements under weight constrained conditions due to all major low altitude atmospheric effects to include physically-based representations of water clouds, fog, light rain, and aerosols. HELEEOS can be used to evaluate spatial, temporal, diurnal and seasonal uncertainties due to atmospheric effects on estimates of high energy laser system effectiveness. The model simulates HELs operating at a number of wavelengths. A number of operationally oriented metrics are available, including effective range and required dwell time. Worldwide seasonal, diurnal, and geographical spatial-temporal variability in key climatological parameters is organized into probability density function databases in HELEEOS using a variety of recently available resources to include the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT) for 408 sites worldwide, the Surface Marine Gridded Climatology database which providing coverage over all ocean areas, the Master Database for Optical Turbulence Research in Support of the Airborne Laser, and the Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS). HELEEOS’ results can be presented as interactive nomographs allowing the user to explore the parameter spaces in detail. The scaling laws of the Scaling the High energy laser And Relay Engagements (SHaRE) can also be called from within HELEEOS. HELCOMES is a high-energy laser system-level engagement code anchored to SAIC’s wave optics code, Atmospheric Compensation Simulation (ACS), used predicts high-energy laser system performance. Its legacy dates back to "System Performance Code" (SPC) circa 1983 which, itself, was based on a code written under the SWATM contract. SPC was further developed by SAIC in 1994 using scaling laws to predict ABL performance. During the past few years, SAIC developed models for ground-based, tactical, space-based, and maritime HEL systems. Over the past two years HELCOMES has been dramatically transformed. This transformation was necessary to address the needs of the community. Ease of use, flexibility and extensibility were addressed. In its current form HELCOMES is a Java-based system-level engagement laser propagation code. One of the most important aspects to the improvements of HELCOMES is extensibility, allowing the user the ability to incorporate specific atmospheric profiles that are not included in the base version and to import engagements that may have been generated elsewhere. This course is designed to show new users how to begin using both HELEEOS and HELCOMES. By the end of the course, attendees will be able to effectively and efficiently use both models. It is the intent of the presenters to make both models available in advance to qualified persons registered for this class. The presenters recommend that the software be installed on a laptop prior to the class date. Topics
Intended Audience: This course will be appropriate for anyone who has the need to simulate High Energy Laser system performance. Instructor Biographies: Mr. Bartell (BS US Air Force Academy, MS University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center) is currently a Research Physicist with the Engineering Physics Department of the Air Force Institute of Technology where he leads the development of the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model. Prior to his affiliation with AFIT Mr Bartell was previously employed with Veridian Systems Division (formerly ERIM) where he supported several state-of-the-art tactical and strategic reconnaissance research and development programs. He led the development of HySIM, the Hyperspectral System Image Model. Earlier, as a senior engineer with LaserMike Inc. Mr. Bartell was responsible for product specification development, comprehensive electro-optical design, and prototype development and testing for new lines of laser scanners. Mr. Bartell served as an Instructor Weapons Systems Officer in the F-111D and F-111F from 1980 to 1986. Lt Col Fiorino (BS, MS, Ohio State University; MMOAS, Air Command and Staff College; BS, PhD, Florida State University) is currently an assistant professor of atmospheric physics at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. During his career, he has served as wing weather officer, 319th Bomb Wing, Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota; officer in charge, Weather Flight, 806th Bomb Wing (Provisional), during Operation Desert Storm; acquisition systems meteorologist, Wright Laboratory (now the Air Force Research Laboratory), Wright-Patterson AFB; Weather Flight commander, 1st Fighter Wing, Langley AFB, Virginia; and joint meteorological and oceanographic officer, joint task force, Southwest Asia. Lt Col Fiorino is a graduate of Squadron Officer School and Air Command and Staff College. Matthew Krizo is currently the lead programmer for the HELEEOS project and has been working with the project since 2004. He oversees the development of the model and the incorporation of new capabilities into HELEEOS. He received a B.S.E.E in 2005 from Cedarville University. He is currently working on a M.S.E.E from the University of Dayton and is expected to graduate in Spring of 2007. Dr. Richard St. John earned is Ph.D. in Applied and Computational Mathematics and has worked in the High Energy Laser simulation field for 8 years. He has contributed several presentations and technical papers to the HEL community. Dr. St. John is the primary author of HELCOMES and also has expertise on SAIC’s wave optics simulation ACS.
Course 5. HPM Engagement and Source Modeling Classification: Limited Distribution, US Government agencies and their contractors Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: This course will cover the basic elements of HPM one-on-one Engagement Modeling & Simulation as practiced by AFRL/DEH and its contractors as well as the basic elements of source design modeling. A broad overview will be given as well as some detail. Topics to be covered include:
Intended Audience: The course assumes a general engineering, physics, or mathematics background at the bachelors degree level or equivalent. Instructor Biographies: David Dietz is currently a Research Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering with the Institute for Infrastructure Surety at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. He earned a Ph.D. in Mathematical Physics from Indiana University, Bloomington. He then joined the Federal government where he served in several physics research and research leadership positions, his last position before leaving the Federal service to join UNM being Principal Research Physicist and Leader of the High Power Microwave Modeling & Simulation Team at the Air Force Research Laboratory in Albuquerque. Concurrently with his government tenure he was a Guest Scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for 3 years and at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for 5 years. He has authored/co-authored over 80 refereed journal articles, technical reports, and meeting papers in the areas of statistical mechanics, radiation transport, plasma physics, electrodynamics, computational physics and electromagnetics. His current interests comprise mathematics applied to engineering problems including network behavior, complex system behavior, nonlinear dynamics and electromagnetics. Timothy Clarke is a Senior Mathematician with the Effects and Modeling Branch, High Power Microwave Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Team Lead for engagement modeling and simulation. Prior to that, he was an Assistant Professor of Geophysics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and a Senior Scientist at SAIC. His PhD is from the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University. Keith L. Cartwright joined the Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2000. His research interests include simulation and theory of high-power microwave (HPM) devices. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1991, and Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999. His graduate work involved the development of particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithms and PIC simulation of non-neutral and quasi-neutral plasmas and microwave devices. He was awarded the 2004 Arthur S Flemming Award that honors outstanding federal employees.
Course 6. Laser Material Effects Classification: Limited Distribution Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 Monday, 19 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics:
Intended Audience: This tutorial is intended primarily for those individuals (technicians, engineers, and scientists) who will have responsibility for planning and implementing laser lethality tests with high-power lasers. Managers will also benefit through an increased understanding of the scope of the effort required to collect and report meaningful lethality data in support of laser weapon lethality predictions. No prior testing experience is assumed; however, a reasonable acquaintance with laser technology and a general background in physics or engineering would be helpful. Instructor Biographies: Dr. Robert Cozzens received a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1963 and a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 1966 from the University of Virginia. He is a Professor of chemistry at George Mason University in Fairfax, VA and a Senior Research Scientist (Intermittent) at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC. Dr. Cozzens has been involved for more than 30 years in the interaction of laser radiation with materials, including polymeric composites, metals, coatings, ceramics and human eyes. He has published and presented numerous research papers and technical reports and serves as consultant and expert witness with law firms. Dr. Cozzens is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Chemical Society of Washington, Directed Energy Professional Society, Virginia Academy of Science, and other professional organizations. He has held several local and national elected offices within the ACS. Mr. Chuck LaMar has over twenty years of experience with High Energy Lasers (HEL). In addition, Mr. LaMar has over 2000 flying hours in U.S. Air Force combat aircraft and extensive experience in military operational environments. He has been actively investigating the interaction of HEL with energetic materials extensively in support of the U.S. Army's counter ram mission. Mr. LaMar currently leads the U.S. Army High Energy Laser Lethality program and is the recent chairman and current Army representative on the Joint Technology Office tri-service Lethality working group. He has written over 50 professional papers and publications in the field of HEL. Dr. Nicholas Morley received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in nuclear engineering from the University of New Mexico in 1988, 1991, and 1993, respectively. He has been an employee of the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate located at Kirtland Air Force Base, NM from 1994 to the present. He is currently the Technical Advisor for the Laser Effects Research Branch where his responsibilities include directing research efforts in the following areas: general target effects, target construction, heat transfer and fluid dynamics for lasers, aircraft cruise missiles, surface-to-air missiles and ICBMs; laser effects on fuels and explosives, degradation of optical components; and temperature-dependent optical scattering. Dr. Morley is a senior member of AIAA and a member of DEPS. His technical areas of interest include the following: nuclear propulsion; dynamic energy conversion systems; laser ablation; conductive, convective, radiative, and two-phase heat transfer; laser coupling; and optical scattering. Dr. Craig Walters earned a Ph.D. in physics from The Ohio State University and has more than forty years of research and development experience serving both industrial and government clients. For more than thirty-five years he focused on the study of the effects of lasers on materials, the development of high-speed optical diagnostics for target plume research, the design and development of custom high-power lasers, design of fiber-optic beam-delivery systems, and the design and analysis of electro-optic systems. In 1994, Dr. Walters founded his own company, Craig Walters Associates (CWA), a small business devoted to providing quick-response/cost effective R&D services and consultation to industry and government in the areas of laser technology and electro-optics. CSA has performed contract research for other small businesses as well as multi-billion dollar corporations in laser applications as diverse as basic response of materials to neodymium laser pulses, laser shock processing, laser cleaning and coating removal, laser-welding monitors, laser range finders, high-power optical beam delivery systems, and laser techniques for NDE of adhesive bonds in aerospace structures.
Course 7. Analysis of Optical Systems using Scaling and Wave-Optics Models Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Duration: Full-day course, starts at 0800 Wednesday, 21 March CEUs awarded: 0.70 Course Description: In the early development of adaptive optical systems, researchers used simplified models to predict their performance. These models typically characterized performance in terms of a few parameters such as wavelength, aperture diameter, Fried coherence length, Greenwood frequency, and control bandwidth. The computer programs that implemented these models were called "scaling codes" because their results were dependent on the ratios between system and environmental parameters and would produce similar results for cases where those ratios were the same. The emergence of more complex system designs that are meant for application in environments outside the regime where the scaling relationships break down necessitates the use of more advanced models for performance prediction. The most effective modeling approach has been the use of physical optics models. The computer programs which implement these models are typically based on scalar diffraction theory and are called wave-optics codes. Scaling codes typically execute very fast and are practically implemented using a variety of tools such as hand-held calculators, spreadsheets, and other simple computer programming and analysis languages. Stressing wave-optics codes are typically much more complex and require significant computer resources to produce results. Although advances in computer software and hardware technology have made wave-optics calculations more practical, scaling codes are still used to produce quick estimates and to map out broad parametric spaces involving too many cases for practical wave-optics evaluation. Moreover, scaling models have been upgraded to reflect the trends seen in executions of highly reconfigurable wave-optics models. Modern analysis of complex optical systems under stressing conditions can now be done utilizing a combination of scaling and wave-optics codes. The present course will introduce the users to the fundamental concepts and use of SHaRE, a Matlab-based scaling code, and WaveTrain, an advanced wave-optics code. Both software packages are highly reconfigurable, well documented, and intended for general use over a broad range of optical system design and performance prediction problems. Emphasis will be placed on using both tools synergistically to arrive at sound analysis of difficult optical propagation problems. Topics
Intended Audience: Technical professionals and managers concerned with the performance prediction and analysis of directed energy systems. In particular, electro-optical systems engineers and analysts, whether they specialize in computer simulation or not, will come away with an appreciation for the process of performance modeling of their systems of interest. Most people with a background in engineering, math and/or physics will be able to follow the material as long as they have some fundamental understanding of technical computer simulation. Instructor Biographies: Bob Praus is President, CEO, and co-founder of MZA Associates Corporation. He provides technical coordination and leadership for a staff of more than 25 scientists, engineers, and programmers working diverse directed-energy applications. Using MZA's WaveTrain software, he designed and implemented a sophisticated high-fidelity model of the Airborne Laser (ABL) beam control system which has been adopted by the program office as the standard for test analysis and capability assessment. He has personally authored many of the components of WaveTrain and has extensive experience in wave-optics modeling methods. Mr. Praus has worked for 25 years in support of directed energy weapon systems development. He has held lead technical roles in laser and beam control projects managed by the Airborne Laser Program Office (MDA/AL), Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/DE), Phillips Laboratory/Air Force Weapons Lab (AFWL), and the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Matt Whiteley has worked for the past 15 years in concept generation, design, analysis, testing, and operation of directed energy laser weapons, laser radar terminal seekers, and electro-optical sensors. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology (1998), specializing in atmospheric propagation and adaptive optics modeling for laser weapon and imaging systems. Dr. Whiteley is a former Air Force officer who spent several years of his active duty career working on beam control and atmospheric compensation issues related to Airborne Laser. He currently works as Vice President for Dayton, Ohio Operations and Senior Scientist for MZA. Dr. Whiteley is the principal author of the SHARE toolbox. Dr. Whiteley is an Adjunct Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson AFB where he teaches graduate-level courses in wave-optics simulation.
Course 8. Transition from Science and Technology to a Weapons System Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Bill Decker, Defense Acquisition University Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 Wednesday, 21 March CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: The short course/workshop includes a discussion of the four key processes that must be synchronized to get a weapons system developed and fielded, the requirements (JCIDS) process, the budget (PPBE) process, the acquisition process (Defense Acquisition System) and the political process, their close interrelationships and the associated risk to the program. A practical exercise using a notional high energy laser case study will enable participants to discuss and understand these processes and how to "work" the processes to maximize the likelihood of program success both technically and from a management perspective. The objective of this short course is to provide the attendee with an overview of the interrelationships between the various activities that must go on simultaneously with the engineering/technical activities to allow directed energy technology to transition from the laboratory/test range to our warfighters. Topics to be covered include:
Intended Audience: This short course is for all with interest in providing directed energy technology to the warfighter in the near future. Program and technical leaders of directed energy programs will benefit from the short course. A basic familiarity with directed energy technology is assumed, but no detailed (engineering) background is needed. Instructor Biography: Mr. Decker is currently a Professor of Systems Engineering at the Huntsville Campus of the Defense Acquisition University. His experience includes over 25 years in electro-optics with ten years experience in high energy laser systems, including THEL, ABL, ATL and HELLADS, all while employed by Brashear (a division of L-3 Communications) in Pittsburgh, PA. Mr. Decker holds a MS in Physics from the Naval Postgraduate School and a BS in Engineering from Cornell University.
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