These short courses were offered in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Directed Energy Symposium. All of the courses were unclassified, although three were either limited distribution or export controlled. Continuing Education Unit (CEU) credits were awarded for completion of these DEPS short courses.
Course 1. Introduction to High Energy Laser Systems Classification: Unclassified Instructor: John Albertine, Consultant Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This lecture will introduce the field of HEL weapons and their associated technologies using an interweaving of technical requirements, history, and accomplishments. The basic attributes of HEL weapons will be covered, leading into discussions of laser-material interaction, lethality, potential weapon applications, system requirements, laser power scaling, propagation, and beam control. DoD interest in tactical applications, current technical issues, and areas of research emphasis will be highlighted. Intended Audience: This course is geared to those with a technical background who seek an overview of HEL technology and the current state of the art. Individuals who are beginning to work in the field or technical managers who wish an integrated overview would benefit from the class. Instructor Biography: Mr. Albertine has his B.S. and M.S. in Physics from Rose Polytechnic Institute and Johns Hopkins University respectively. Prior to working for the Navy, he was a senior staff physicist in the Space Division of The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. From 1976 through 1997, he worked in the Navy's High Energy Laser (HEL) Program Office, directing the Navy’s technology development for the last 15 years. During that time, he led the development and test of the first megawatt class HEL system in the free world. He retired from civil service in 1997 and now consults for OSD, the Air Force, ONR, the Navy HEL program office, and Penn State in the Directed Energy field. Mr. Albertine is also a member of the Air Force Science Advisory Board and served as Executive Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors of the Directed Energy Professional Society.
Course 2. Introduction to High Power Microwave Systems Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Dr. David Stoudt Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will provide an introduction to RF Directed Energy weapons, also known as High Power Microwave (HPM) weapons. The course consists of four parts: 1) a general introduction to the basic terms and concepts, 2) a discussion of the varous types of effects that can be induced and how they are characterized, 3) the technologies that enable RF-DEW weaponization, and 4) hardening techniques and technologies. At the end of the class, students will know what RF-DEWs are and how they differ from classical Electronic Warfare and nuclear EMP. Students will learn the various ways in which microwaves couple into a target (i.e., front door/back door, in-band/out-of-band) and some of the many sorts of effects that they can precipitate. Technology discussions will show the difference between narrow band (NB) and ultra-wide band (UWB) sources, antennas and diagnostics, as well as the principal elements of the power systems needed to support them. The course concludes with a discussion of hardening techniques and technologies. The topic to be covered include:
Intended Audience: Newcomers to the field of RF-DEW or managers with some background in science and engineering will benefit the most from this course. Instructor Biography: Dr. David C. Stoudt was recently appointed by the Secretary of the Navy to be the Navy's Distinguished Engineer for Directed Energy (S&T) and is currently the Director of the Directed Energy Technology Office at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia. Dr. Stoudt has organized and chaired national and international conferences and workshops on high-power microwave and high-energy laser weapons effects. He has been invited to speak and chaired sessions at international symposia on topics such as laser interactions with material, pulsed power technology, high-energy laser and high-power microwave weapons effects and modeling. Dr. Stoudt was awarded the Naval Sea Systems Command Scientist of the Year Award in 2004 and other recognitions for his directed-energy related research. He is widely published with over eighty refereed journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, and technical reports. He has been awarded three patents.
Course 3. Atmospheric Propagation of High Energy Lasers Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course addresses the key physical processes that affect the propagation of high energy lasers (HELs) in the atmosphere. One of the objectives of this course is to discuss the optimum laser wavelength and power for efficient propagation in various atmospheric environments, i.e., maritime, continental, urban, etc. The processes which contribute to laser beam spreading and intensity loss include: thermal blooming, turbulence, aerosol/molecular scattering and absorption, aerosol heating/vaporization, and laser beam quality effects. Aerosols, which consist of water, sea salt, organic matter, dust, soot, biomass smoke, urban pollutants, etc, are of particular importance because they result in laser scattering, absorption and enhanced thermal blooming. Those aerosols which can not be vaporized, such as those consisting of dust, soot, etc, can significantly enhance thermal blooming. HELCAP (High Energy Laser Code for Atmospheric Propagation) is a fully 3-D, time dependent code that is suitable for studying and characterizing the atmospheric propagation of HEL beams. HEL propagation in the atmosphere is illustrated by HELCAP simulations covering a range of wavelengths, pulse formats and atmospheric conditions. The course will also address issues of adaptive optics relevant to the propagation of high energy laser beams. Though it is a critical technology for any laser system, adaptive optics has both fundamental and technological limitations which will be discussed. Intended Audience: This course is intended to present an overview of the various physical processes which affect the propagation of HEL laser pulses in the atmosphere. Scientists, engineers and managers should have a good science background. Instructor Biography: Dr. Phillip Sprangle is Chief Scientist and Head of the Beam Physics Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics at Cornell University in 1973. His research areas include atmospheric laser propagation, free electron lasers, nonlinear optics and laser acceleration physics. Dr. Sprangle is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the IEEE. He is winner of the International Free Electron Laser Prize (1991), E.O. Hulburt Science and Engineering Award (1986) and Sigma Xi Pure Science Award (1994). Dr. Sprangle has published over 200 refereed scientific articles and holds 12 U.S. patents.
Course 4. Laser Materials Effects Classification: Limited Distribution (See the Security section of the Symposium page for attendance requirements.) Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will be presented at the FOUO level. This course reviews laser material interactions over parameter ranges of interest for weapons applications. Fundamental considerations of the optical coupling of the laser energy into the material will be presented. This will be followed by physics-based treatments of the response of metals, organic-based materials, and ceramics to the laser irradiation.
Intended Audience: To best profit from the course, students should have a basic understanding of chemistry and physics at the college undergraduate level. Managers of technical programs as well as technical persons conducting or planning to conduct laser experiments will benefit from the course and should emerge from the experience with a broadened technical perspective. As a result of participating in this course, students should have a better understanding of the structure and composition of materials and how their properties determine the way in which high energy lasers (HEL) interact with and result in damage to these materials. Students will acquire an increased understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of various laser pulse forms and wavelengths with diverse types of materials. Instructor Biographies: Dr. J.T. Schriempf received his Ph.D. in Solid State Physics from Carnegie Mellon University. He has spent the bulk of his professional career in the study of the effects of lasers on materials, with a particular emphasis on applications. While at the Naval Research Laboratory he became a recognized authority within the Department of Defense in the application of very high power lasers as weapons. After some years in private industry, he joined the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University as a senior scientist and Department Head, progressing to Assistant Director, in charge of the High Energy Processing Division. Following that he was Director of Laser Technology and Operations at ARL’s Electro-Optics Center in Kittanning, PA, where he was very actively engaged in both management and research in the area of the applications of lasers to the solution of industrial problems. Presently he is on full-time assignment as Assistant Program Manager for Lethality in the Navy Directed energy and Electric Weapons Program Office in Washington, DC. He is presently a Senior Member and Member of the Board of the Laser Institute of America, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a Fellow of DEPS, and a Member of the Board of DEPS. He has authored over seventy papers and reports on laser applications for both military and industrial purposes. Dr. Robert F. Cozzens received a B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1963 and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1966 from the University of Virginia. He is a Professor of Chemistry at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, VA and a Senior Research Scientist (Intermittent) at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC. He served for 10 years as Deputy Director of the George Mason Institute of Technology at GMU. Dr. Cozzens has been involved for 30 years with research on the interaction of laser radiation with materials, including polymeric composites, metals, coatings, ceramics and biological material (especially the eye). He has published and presented numerous research papers and on several occasions has served as an expert witness involving patent litigation regarding the composition and spectral properties of dyes and coatings used in the manufacture of sunglasses and contact lenses. Dr. Cozzens is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Chemical Society of Washington (CSW), Directed Energy Professional Society (DEPS), Materials Research Society (MRS), Virginia Academy of Science (VAS), Society of Photographic and Industrial Engineers (SPIE) and other professional societies. He has held several elected offices within the ACS both at the local and national level. Dr. Cozzens is currently involved in research on the lethality of high energy lasers on antiship missiles and the protection of eyes and sensors from laser radiation. Mr. David Campbell has spent the past 5 years working in the Lethality Group of the Raytheon DEW Product Line. Specific projects include co-development of a 1-D laser interaction material response model; pulse optimization analysis for maximum material removal; steel, aluminum, ceramic, and composite material response experimentation; analysis and testing of ceramic missile radome survivability against laser irradiation. Prior experience at Raytheon includes a wide range of thermal and structrural analyses of missile and space systems. Previous professional experience includes work with Hughes Helicopters and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Mr. Campbell holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona.
Course 5. Free Electron Lasers (FEL) - Theory and Practice Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Full-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.7 Course Description and Topics: This course begins with an introduction to the theoretical aspects of the free-electron laser, starting from a simple physical description of how an FEL works and going on to provide a basis for the mathematical techniques used in the theory and simulation of FELs. The second half of the course focuses on the practical aspects of designing, building and operating free-electron laser systems. We begin by examining the generation of the electron beam and detailing the significant properties of the beam that will lead to efficient FEL operation. Electron beam transport, acceleration, and beam property tailoring through the accelerator system and FEL interaction region will next be explained and examined. Whether one bases the FEL on a oscillator, amplifier, or a combination of these two system configurations the interaction of the electron beam with the generated electromagnetic field is an essential feature of the FEL process. Many things come into play, the undulator and its tolerances, the optical cavity configuration (if using an oscillator), the stability of the various components including the electron beam, transport and relay optics, etc. We will describe and in some cases go into details of these various systems. Along the way we will provide anecdotal comments about the construction, acquisition, and operation of the equipment. Topics covered include:
Instructor Biographies: Dr. Henry Freund is a Senior Research Physicist with SAIC where he has worked since 1979. He is an internationally recognized expert on FELs, and his work spans 25 years and includes investigation of orbital stability and spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation. He has made important contributions to both linear theory and simulation for FELs. He has pioneered the development of non-wiggler-averaged simulations, and has re-ignited interest in harmonic emission from FELs with the description of nonlinear harmonic generation. He has collaborated with experimenters at a wide range of universities (MIT, Columbia, Univ. of Md.), government laboratories (Naval Research Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jefferson Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) and internationally, and has had a substantial impact on the design and interpretation of a wide range of free-electron laser experiments. In recognition of his contributions to these fields, he has been elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He has published more than 140 papers in refereed journals, made numerous contributions to books and published proceedings, and has published a widely used monograph on the subject of FELs. He serves on the program committee of the annual FEL conference and the Navy’s Technical Area Working Group on FELs. Dr. Freund has also worked in the field of traveling wave tubes (TWTs). His initial activity was devoted to helix TWTs in which he developed small signal field theories of helix TWTs. Building on his experience, he has developed a 2-1/2 dimensional, time-dependent, large signal simulation code called GATOR which is currently in use at a wide range of companies producing helix and coupled-cavity TWTs. Stephen Milton received his Ph.D. in accelerator physics from Cornell University in 1989 where he studied electron-positron beam interactions in high-energy physics colliding beam machines. For the next two and one half years he work at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland working on the design of B-factories, synchrotron light sources. medical accelerators, and free-electron lasers. He began work at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in 1992 and since then has been the 7-GeV injector synchrotron machine manager during its construction and commissioning, the APS Accelerator Physics Group Leader, and the Low-Energy Undulator Test Line Manager. In this last capacity he designed and oversaw the construction and commissioning of the first operational self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser to operate in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength region. For the last two and one half years he has been the ANL Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Project Director where he is overseeing the design, construction, and eventual commissioning of the 130-m long LCLS x-ray FEL undulator system. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, an Adjunct Professor of Physics at Lund University, Lund Sweden, and a recipient of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Science Society Particle Accelerator Science and Technology Award for his work on SASE FELs.
Course 6. SHARE/HELEEOS Scaling Law Models Classification: Unclassified, For Official Use Only, Export Controlled Instructors: Duration:Full-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.7 Course Description: This short course provides an introduction to both the Scaling for HEL and Relay Engagement (SHARE) toolbox for MATLAB developed by ATK Mission Research Corporation and the High Energy Laser End to End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) scaling law engagement model developed by the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Center for Directed Energy. The class will consist of an overview of general issues involved in developing scaling law models and the assumptions underlying the calculations followed by discussions of the major features of each of the models. HEL performance for a common example scenario will be estimated in class using each of the models. SHARE was developed for the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate to address diverse HEL system concept modeling, including the application of high-altitude or tactical relay systems. Examples will illustrate the process of establishing atmospheric model assumptions, system parameters, and engagement geometries from which target irradiance characteristics are computed by the SHARE functions. Methods for performing parametric analysis of systems and target engagements will be reviewed. Interfacing of SHARE functions and calculations with other toolbox or custom MATLAB functions/scripts will also be discussed. HELEEOS has been developed, under sponsorship of the HEL Joint Technology Office, to support a broad range of analyses applicable to the operational requirements of all the military services. The model's results can be presented as interactive nomographs allowing the user to explore the parameter space in detail. Probability of kill (Pk) is the HELEEOS' primary metric. A key feature is the ability to evaluate uncertainty in low-altitude engagements due to geographical spatial-temporal variability in all major clear-air atmospheric effects. Atmospheric parameters available for investigation include correlated profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, relative humidity, aerosols, and optical turbulence. Students should bring their laptops to class for installation of the model software and user guide. Topics
Intended Audience: This course is intended for technical staff and technical managers desiring a working knowledge of the nature of scaling-law models for concept exploration, system design studies, and performance evaluation. Students will be introduced to the process of performance modeling for tactical high-energy laser systems using both the HELEEOS and SHARE codes. It is the intent of the instructors to make both models available in advance to qualified persons registered for this class. The instructors recommend that the software be installed on a student-owned laptop prior to the class date. Computer workstations will not be provided by DEPS. Students without laptop computers and installed software may attend the course, but will not be able to follow the code examples in a "hands-on" manner. Instructor Biographies: Matt Whiteley has worked for the past 14 years in concept generation, design, analysis, testing, and operation of directed energy laser weapons, laser radar terminal seekers, and electro-optical sensors. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology (1998), specializing in atmospheric propagation and adaptive optics modeling for laser weapon and imaging systems. Dr. Whiteley is a former Air Force officer who spent several years of his active duty career working on beam control and atmospheric compensation issues related to the Airborne Laser. He currently works as a Senior Research Scientist and Group Leader for ATK Mission Research, and is the principal author of the SHARE toolbox. Eric Magee received his Ph.D. from The Pennsylvania State University (1998). He was commissioned into the Air Force in 1988 and has worked as an avionics engineer, laser imaging research engineer, and as an assistant professor at the Air Force Institute of Technology. Dr. Magee is currently working at ATK Mission Research as a Senior Research Engineer. He is actively involved in research topics in the areas of wave-optics simulation, laser radar, atmospheric propagation, and optical communication. Mr. Bartell (BS US Air Force Academy, MS University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center) is currently a Research Physicist with the Engineering Physics Department of the Air Force Institute of Technology where he leads the development of the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model. Prior to his affiliation with AFIT, Mr. Bartell was employed with Veridian Systems Division (formerly ERIM) where he supported several state-of-the-art tactical and strategic reconnaissance research and development programs. He led the development of HySim, the Hyperspectral System Image Model. Earlier as a senior engineer with LaserMike Inc., Mr. Bartell was responsible for product specification development, comprehensive electro-optical design, and prototype development and testing for new lines of laser scanners. Mr. Bartell served as an Instructor Weapons Systems Officer in the F-111D and F-111F from 1980 to 1986. Lt Col Fiorino (BS, MS, Ohio State University; MMOAS, Air Command and Staff College; BS, Ph.D., Florida State University) is currently an assistant professor of atmospheric physics at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. During his career, he has served as wing weather officer, 319th Bomb Wing, Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota; officer in charge, Weather Flight, 806th Bomb Wing (Provisional), during Operation Desert Storm; acquisition systems meteorologist, Wright Laboratory (now Air Force Research Laboratory), Wright-Patterson AFB; Weather Flight commander, 1st Fighter Wing, Langley AFB, Virginia; and joint meteorological and oceanographic officer, joint task force, Southwest Asia. Lt Col Fiorino is a graduate of Squadron Officer School and Air Command and Staff College.
Course 7. Interaction and Propagation of Ultra-Short Laser Pulses Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will describe several aspects of high peak power (> TW) ultra-short lasers with pulsewidths less than 100 fsec. Subjects to be covered include: (a) effects of ultra-short laser-material/air interaction, (b) single-pulse laser induced discharges, (c) unique aspects of ultra-short laser propagation, including self-focusing, spectral broadening, optical shocks, optical/plasma filaments, atmospheric turbulence, laser beam quality, rotational Raman scattering, etc., and (d) beam control system issues. The course is intended to provide detailed knowledge of this exciting area of research and its many potential applications. We present and discuss theoretical, computational, and experimental work on the propagation of ultra-short laser pulses. Experiments using terawatt pulses with durations less than a picosecond show long-distance propagation of plasma and optical filaments, broadband generation, and emission of sub-THz electromagnetic pulses. To study this, fully time-dependent, three-dimensional, nonlinear equations describing the propagation of laser pulses in air under the influence of diffraction, group velocity dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, stimulated Raman scattering, ionization, and plasma wakefield excitation are presented. We also discuss the interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with dielectrics, and the physics of single-pulse laser-induced discharges. Beam control system requirements for ultra-short lasers are briefly outlined. Intended Audience: This course is intended to present an overview of the various physical processes associated with ultra-short pulse lasers. Scientists, engineers and managers should have a good science background. Instructor Biographies: Dr. Phillip Sprangle is Chief Scientist and Head of the Beam Physics Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics at Cornell University in 1973. His research areas include atmospheric laser propagation, free electron lasers, nonlinear optics and laser acceleration physics. Dr. Sprangle is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the IEEE. He is winner of the International Free Electron Laser Prize (1991), E.O. Hulburt Science and Engineering Award (1986) and Sigma Xi Pure Science Award (1994). Dr. Sprangle has published over 200 refereed scientific articles and holds 12 U.S. patents. Dr Vern Schlie is ST, Senior Scientist, Laser Technology working in the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory - Kirtland AFB, NM. He has had more the 35 years experience working on various types of HEL, including chemical, electric discharge lasers (EDL’s) and solid-state lasers. He is also a fellow of OSA and AFRL.
Course 8. Military Utility Analysis for DE Weapon Systems Classification: Limited Distribution (See the Security section of the Symposium page for attendance requirements.) Instructor: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description: This course will provide an overview of military worth analysis for DE weapon systems. The course will include a description of four areas of systems engineering assessment that are brought together to form military worth analysis. These are: 1) weapon system concept performance trade studies, 2) target vulnerability assessment, 3) engagement-level system operational effectiveness assessment, and 4) wargaming and mission/campaign level analysis. Each of these areas will be covered during the short course, with emphasis on the elements that are drawn from each of these areas to support military worth analysis. The course will particularly emphasize methods for assessing system level effectiveness in the context of traditional weapon effectiveness tools such as the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals (JMEMs) and for providing data on DE weapons effectiveness to mission and campaign level analysis tools and to models and simulations used to support wargaming. Topics
Intended Audience: This course is intended for those with a technical background who seek an understanding of military worth analysis and how it can be applied to support transition of DE weapon systems to the warfighter. Technical managers or professionals with experience in DE weapon systems or individuals who are beginning to work in the field would benefit from the class. Instructor Biography: Ms. Linda Lamberson is a senior operations research analyst in the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. She works in the Systems Engineering and Assessment Branch, Technology Applications Division and is responsible for performing system assessment and military worth analysis for directed energy weapons concepts. Prior to coming to the Directed Energy Directorate, Ms. Lamberson spent more than 20 years working in conventional weapons effectiveness analysis and acquisition support for the Air Armament Center, Eglin AFB, Florida. She chairs the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual Special Effects (JMEM/FX) Working Group for directed energy and non-lethal weapons.
Course 9. Directed Energy Bioeffects Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will introduce the basics of the biological effects of Directed Energy on cells, tissues, organisms, and humans, with particular emphasis on the influence of such effects on the development of use of Directed-Energy-Emitting technologies. The student will learn about the mechanisms, resulting damage, and mission impact of laser-tissue interaction. The student will learn what tissues are most susceptible to laser damage based on wavelength, exposure duration, and irradiance. The potential mission-impact of sub0-threshold, threshold, and suprathreshold exposures will be discussed. Student will understand the nature of RF bioeffects research, including human/animal studies, modeling and simulation, and biotechnology approaches. Students will become familiar with current state of knowledge on potential health effects RF, such as cancer, memory loss, and birth defects. Students will become familiar with basis and structure of current RF safety standards, comparison between competing standards, and how RF safety standards are applied. Students will be instructed on common RF measurement equipment and important factors for investigating potential RF overexposures. Topics to be covered include: - Laser damage of the eye (retina and cornea) - Laser damage to the skin - Laser safety standards - Laser damage as a function of energy, pulse duration, wavelength, and spot size - RF bioeffects research and the current scientific consensus on RF hazards - RF safety standards - RF measurement basics - Investigating RF overexposures Intended Audience: Students should have a basic knowledge of electromagnetism, such as that gained from a bachelor’s program in science or engineering or on-the-job technical experience. Persons affected by RF or laser safety standards during the development, test, evaluation, and use of Directed-Energy-Emitting equipment will find the course particularly elucidating. Individuals involved in health, science, or weapons policy will also benefit from the plain language explanations of the technical subjects that are addressed in the course. Instructor Biographies: Dr. Semih Kumru obtained his B.S. in physics from U. of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1987, his M.S. in physics from Creighton U.-Omaha in 1989, and his Ph.D. from U. of North Dakota in 1992. He was an instructor of medical physics in Creighton University in 1996. He joined U.S. Air Force in 1996. He worked as a staff health physicists in Air Force Institute of Environmental Risk Analysis at Brooks AFB from 1996 to 1999. He joined U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) Physics Department in 1999 and taught physics as an assistant professor at USAFA from 1999-2001. Dr. is presently a program manager and the lead PI for the Laser Bioeffects Program at the Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, AFRL, Brooks City-Base. He collaborates in Non-Lethal Weapons programs, working with Navy and Army counterparts. He is a member of SPIE. Dr. Patrick Mason is the Chief Scientist, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City Base, TX. He has been involved in neurosciences, physiological psychology, and biotechnology research for over 25 years. He developed AFRL's biotechnology laboratory where proteomic and genomic analyses are used to determine biomarkers of RF, laser, and chemical exposures. He oversees 80+ scientists researching the health and safety of directed energy and providing data to developers of non-lethal weapons. He was chosen as AFRL scientist of the year by the Air Force Association Texas State Convention for his contribution to directed energy bioeffects in 2004. Lt Col Noel Montgomery is Chief, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City Base, TX. He is responsible for management radio frequency radiation health and biological effect research within AFRL. LtCol Montgomery has been involved with RF research, field measurements, safety standards, and directed energy weapons development for over 17 years. He is certified by the American Board of Health Physics in Comprehensive Health Physics and was the U.S. Air Force Health Physicist of the Year for 2001. Dr. Michael Murphy is the Scientific Director, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, AFRL, at Brooks City-Base, TX. He earned a BS in psychology from Occidental College, Los Angeles, and a PhD in neuroscience from MIT. In 1982 he returned to his home town for a position with the U.S. Air Force, first working on prophylactics/treatments for chemical warfare agents, and then moving to radio frequency bioeffects in 1992. From 1994-2004 he was Chief or the USAF Radio Frequency Radiation Branch. He is a member of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the Directed Energy Professional Society, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, and the IEEE Standards Board. He is active is the IEEE International Committee for Electromagnetic Safety, for which he serves as International Liaison. Recent awards included the Air Force Science and Engineering Award for Exploratory Technology Development (2002), the IEEE Standards Board Medallion (2003), and in IEEE Standards Board International Award (2004). He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineers (2005).
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